This mini-series of articles describes how to build a computer’s CPU (central processing unit) out of relays. “Y” in English sounds like “guay” in Spanish (my mother tongue), a colloquial expression ...

We’ve seen our share of blinking light projects around here; most are fairly straightforward small projects, but this entry to the 2025 One Hertz Challenge is the polar opposite of that approach.

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial solid-state computer that monitors inputs and outputs, and makes logic-based decisions for automated processes or machines. 1. The image above is ...

Relays usually are driven using optocouplers, which offer isolation between analog and digital grounds to ensure that switching currents in the relay coils do not affect the noise margin of the ...